Which element of 19th-century musical style is characterized by the influence of folk songs and legends?

The element of 19th-century musical style characterized by the influence of folk songs and legends is nationalism. This movement arose in response to the Romantic era's broader themes and sought to express a national identity through music. Composers often incorporated traditional folk melodies, dances, and rhythms from their own cultures into their compositions, reflecting the unique cultural heritage of their countries.

Nationalism in music was particularly significant as it not only distinguished national character but also struck a chord in the hearts of the citizens, fostering a sense of pride and unity. It served as a vehicle for expressing ideas about national identity and cultural specificity, especially in a time of political change across Europe.

In contrast, while exoticism draws on foreign influences and themes to create otherworldly or adventurous atmospheres, romanticism encompasses a broader emotional and artistic expression without the specific focus on national identity. Impressionism, emerging later, often focuses on evoking a mood or sensation rather than a direct connection to folk traditions or national themes.