What does the term "rubato" refer to in music?

The term "rubato" refers to rhythmic flexibility, which is a technique in music where the performer has the freedom to vary the tempo for expressive purposes. This can involve stretching some notes and shortening others, allowing for a more nuanced and emotive interpretation of the music. Rather than adhering strictly to the set tempo, rubato provides an opportunity for artists to convey their feelings and enhance the musical narrative, which can make performances more dynamic and engaging.

In contrast, the other options, like fixed tempo, major tonality, and expressive pause, do not encapsulate the essence of rubato. Fixed tempo suggests a constant pace without variation, major tonality refers to a specific type of scale or harmony that conveys brightness or cheerfulness, and an expressive pause is a brief, intentional stop in music, typically for dramatic effect. While all these elements can contribute to musical expression, they do not embody the concept of rhythmic flexibility inherent in rubato.